Christian I: Monarch and Penitent in Fifteenth Century Scandinavia
The sabbatical project concludes and gives tangible historical-biographical shape to the applicant’s long term research on the interrelation between the moral theology of the late medieval pastoral care and the changing politics of the time. Warfare, taxation, jurisdiction and other central aspects of government involved moral decision making, and thus also considered pertinent to the spiritual welfare of rulers and their subjects. As such, sometimes rather technical issues about government were treated in the moral-theological literature and practiced in the pastoral care of rulers and subjects. As king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in the fifteenth century, Christian I faced the same dilemmas as other rulers. He faced stark opposition, not least in Sweden, and both from the texts that appeared within this burgeoning public sphere and from materials relevant to his private pastoral care one finds critique of his political morals that overlap different genres. A monograph about this 'politics of conscience' during Christian's reign – which is what this sabbatical project proposes – will make the general moral theological issues of the fifteenth century politics more tangible and advance our understanding of what it meant in practice. In addition, a biographically conceived study of this kind will shed light on a monarch who has remained strangely anonymous considering his importance, and contribute to making Scandinavian medieval studied more internationally accessible.
Final report
The sabbatical project made it possible to complete a more long-term project about the interrelations between politics and moral theology, primarily in the political discourse in late medieval Scandinavia. Activities of government, such as taxation, jurisdiction and warfare brought about moral dilemmas for both the prince and his subjects, and the project has been able to map how medieval theologians and authors of moral-theological tracts dealt with issues of this kind. From the work with this material, one can conclude that the authors of this literature generally tried to find solutions to the moral dilemmas of government, by the use of contemporary theories of decision making, without idealizing the person of the prince or neglecting the practical needs of government. The project also led to a greater understanding of medieval theories about conscience, spiritual health and pastoral care more generally. The sabbatical involved a longer stint at Trinity College, Dublin, whose library contains some of the incunabula (early prints) that constitute the main source material of the project. In connection with this visit, the project resulted in the organization of a conference in collaboration with the Trinity Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: ’Violence and Virtue in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance’.